Speech sound

airstream

• direction
  • egressive
  • ingressive
• initiation
  • pulmonic
  • glottalic
  • lingual (velaric)

• egressive
  • subclasses
    • pulmonic egressive
    • glottalic egressive
    • lingual egressive
• ingressive
  • subclasses
    • pulmonic ingressive
    • glottalic ingressive
    • lingual ingressive

• continuant (incomplete closure of the oral vocal tract)
  • subclasses
    • fricative
    • approximant ("frictionless continuant")
      • subclasses
        • vowel
• sonorant (continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract)
  • contrast: obstruent
  • subclasses
    • approximant
      • subclasses
        • vowel
    • nasal
  • Note: does not contain fricative
• obstruent (obstructing airflow, causing a strong gradient of air pressure in the vocal tract)
  • subclasses
    • stop ("plosive")
    • fricative