Speech sound

Airstream

• direction
  • egressive
  • ingressive
• initiation
  • pulmonic
  • glottalic
  • lingual (velaric)

	egressive	ingressive
pulmonic	pulmonic egressive	pulmonic ingressive
glottalic	glottalic egressive	glottalic ingressive
lingual	lingual egressive	lingual ingressive

Manner

• continuant (incomplete closure of the oral vocal tract)
  • subclasses
    • fricative
    • approximant ("frictionless continuant")
      • subclasses
        • vowel
• sonorant (continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract)
  • contrast: obstruent
  • subclasses
    • approximant
      • subclasses
        • vowel
    • nasal
  • Note: does not contain fricative
• obstruent (obstructing airflow, causing a strong gradient of air pressure in the vocal tract)
  • subclasses
    • stop ("plosive")
    • fricative
• occlusive
  • oral occlusive (often voiceless, e.g.: /p/, /t/, /k/)
  • nasal occlusive (often voiced, e.g.: /m/ /n/)