International Latin Alphabet 2015
Rules
The Unified Latin Alphabet applies the following rules:
- Character inventory
- Use only characters from ISO 8859-1.
- prefer 65-90, (A-Z) and 97-122 (a-z), i.e. ISO 646
- from the others, prefer for vowels those that are present in several other ISO 8859 standards, i.e. characters with acute, grave, circumflex or diaeresis
- Use only characters from ISO 8859-1.
- Sound correspondence. The characters
- a, e, i, o, u with or without diacritics are vowels.
- j and w are semivowels as in IPA
- the rest are consonants
- In the ULA-base form all characters except for c = /ʃ/, q = /ç/ and y = /ʒ/ have the value as in IPA.
CJKQXY
Alphabet / IPA: | /çjkqxʃʒ/ | /ç/ | /j/ | /k/ | /q/ | /x/ | /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ | /ts/ | /dz/ | /tʃ/ | /dʒ/ | /ʃtʃ/ | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ULA-1994 | cjk-xqy | c | j | k | - | x | q | y | ts | dz | tq | dy | qtq | |
ULA-2015 | qjk-xcy | q | j | k | - | x | c | y | ts | dz | tc | dy | ctc | better match with languages that need /q/ (compare Turkic variant) |
ULA-turkic | -jkqxcy | - | j | k | q | x | c | y | ts | dz | tc | dy | ctc | |
ULA-uropi-y | -jk--cy | - | j | k | - | - | c | y | tc | dy | ctc | |||
English | - | y | q/c/k | - | kh | sh | zh | ch | j | shch | ||||
French | - | ? | qu/c | - | - | ch | j | ? | ? | ? | ||||
Spanish | - | ? | qu/k/c | j | ? | ? | ch | ? | ? | |||||
German | ch | j | k/ck | - | ch | sch | j/sch | tsch | dsch | schtsch | ||||
Interlingua | - | - | k/c/q | - | - | - | j | - | dj | - | x=[ks], y=[i] | |||
Esperanto | - | j | k | - | hx | sx | jx | c | dz | cx | gx | sxcx | ||
LFN | - | - | c | - | - | x | j | ts | dz | tx | dj | xtx | ||
Uropi | - | j | k | - | - | c | ʒ | tc | dʒ | ctc | ||||
Slovio | - | j | k | - | (h) | sx | zx | c | dz | cx | gx | wx |
Examples
Auxlang
See International Auxiliary Language alphabet
Slavic
- /j/
- Serbian, Croat, Czech: j, e.g. Jakovo
- Bulgarian (official Romanization): y, e.g. Yakovo (bulg.: "unnecessary" divergence from IPA)
- ULA: j
- /ts/
- Serbian, Croat, Czech: c, e.g. Gorica
- Bulgarian (official Romanization): ts, e.g. Goritsa (bulg.: more logical, since t and s exist already)
- ULA: ts
Turkic
May need review and further work.
IPA | /ɑ/ | /ɒ/ | /æ/ | /je/ | /e/ | /b/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /ʒ/ | /d/ | /d͡z/ | /f/ | /ɡ/ | /ɣ/ | /ʕ/ | /h/ | /ħ/ | /x/ | /ɯ/ | /i/ | /k/ | /q/ | /q/ /ɢ/ | /l/ | /ɫ/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | /o/ | /ø/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/ | /θ/ | /ʃ/ | /t͡s/ | /t/ | /u/ | /y/ | /v/ | /w/ | /j/ | /z/ | /ð/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ULA-turk | A | - | !Ä | JE | E | B | !DY | !TC | !Y | D | DZ | F | G | /ɣ/ | - | H | - | X | /ɯ/ | I | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | !NG | O | !Ö | P | R | S | - | !C | TS | T | U | !Ü | V | W | J | Z | - |
Uniform | A | Ă | Ä | Ë | E | B | C | Ç | J | D | Ḑ | F | G | Ğ | Ģ | H | Ḩ | X | I | İ | K | Ķ | Q | L | Ḽ | M | N | Ņ | Ñ | O | Ö | P | R | S | Š | Ş | Ț | T | U | Ü | V | W | Y | Z | Ž |
Arabic |
ا|أ |
ع |
ء |
ء |
ا|أ |
ب |
ج |
چ |
ژ |
د |
ڏ |
ف |
گ |
ݝ |
غ |
ه |
ح |
خ |
إ |
إ |
ك |
ٯ |
ق |
ل |
ڵ |
م |
ن |
ڠ |
ڭ |
ۆ |
ۆ |
پ |
ر |
س |
ث |
ش |
ڞ |
ت |
ٱ |
ٱ |
ۋ |
و |
ي |
ز |
ذ |
Cyrillic | А | Ӑ | Ә | Є | Е | Б | Җ | Ч | Ж | Д | Ӡ | Ф | Г | Ғ | Ӷ | Һ | Ҳ | Х | Ы | И | К | Қ | Ҡ | Л | Љ | М | Н | Њ | Ң | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Ҫ | Ш | Ц | Т | У | Ү | В | Ў | Й | З | Ҙ |
Turkish | A | - | - | - | E | B | C | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | Ğ | - | H | - | - | I | İ | K | - | - | L | - | M | N | - | - | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | Ş | - | T | U | Ü | V | - | Y | Z | - |
Tatar | A | - | Ä | - | E | B | C | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | Ğ | - | H | - | X | I | İ | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | Ñ | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | Ş | - | T | U | Ü | V | W | Y | Z | - |
Azeri | A | - | Ə | - | E | B | C | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | Ğ | - | H | - | X | I | İ | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | - | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | Ş | - | T | U | Ü | V | - | Y | Z | - |
Turkmen | A | - | Ä | - | E | B | J | Ç | Ž | D | - | F | G | - | - | H | - | - | Y | I | K | - | - | L | - | M | N | - | Ň | O | Ö | P | R | - | S | Ş | - | T | U | Ü | W | - | Ý | - | Z |
Kazakh | A | - | Ä | E | É | B | - | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | Ğ | - | H | - | X | I | İ | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | Ñ | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | Ş | C | T | U | Ü | V | W | Y | Z | - |
Uzbek | A | O | A | - | E | B | - | CH | J | D | - | F | G | Gʻ | - | H | - | X | - | I | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | NG | Oʻ | Oʻ | P | R | S | - | SH | - | T | U | - | V | - | Y | Z | - |
Uyghur | A | - | E | - | Ë | B | J | CH | ZH | D | - | F | G | GH | - | H | - | X | - | I | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | NG | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | SH | - | T | U | Ü | V | - | Y | Z | - |
Bashkir | A | - | Ә | - | E | B | - | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | Ğ | - | H | - | X | I | İ | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | Ñ | O | Ö | P | R | S | C | Ş | - | T | U | Ü | V | W | Y | Z | Ź |
Kumyk | A | - | - | - | E | B | C | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | Ğ | - | H | - | X | I | İ | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | Ñ | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | Ş | - | T | U | Ü | V | W | Y | Z | - |
Gagauz | A | - | Ä | - | E | B | C | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | - | - | H | - | - | I | İ | K | - | - | L | - | M | N | - | - | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | Ş | Ț | T | U | Ü | V | - | Y | Z | - |
Karachay-Balkar | A | - | Ä | - | E | B | C | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | Ğ | - | H | - | - | I | İ | K | Ķ | Q | L | - | M | N | - | Ñ | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | Ş | - | T | U | Ü | V | W | Y | Z | - |
Crimean Tatar | A | - | - | - | E | B | C | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | Ğ | - | H | - | - | I | İ | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | Ñ | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | Ş | - | T | U | Ü | V | - | Y | Z | - |
Salar | A | - | - | - | E | B | C | Ç | J | D | - | F | G | Ğ | - | H | - | X | I | İ | K | - | Q | L | - | M | N | - | Ñ | O | Ö | P | R | S | - | Ş | - | T | U | Ü | V | - | Y | Z | - |